Insomnia is a common sleep disorder defined by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or by early-morning awakening and non-restorative sleep, despite adequate opportunity to sleep, accompanied by daytime impairment such as fatigue, reduced concentration, and mood disturbance. It is classified as acu…
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder defined by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or by early-morning awakening and non-restorative sleep, despite adequate opportunity to sleep, accompanied by daytime impairment such as fatigue, reduced concentration, and mood disturbance. It is classified as acute or chronic and as primary or secondary to medical, psychiatric, or environmental factors, and it is understood through models of physiological and cognitive hyperarousal in which heightened autonomic, neuroendocrine, and cortical activity disrupt normal sleep regulation. Circadian and neurochemical systems contribute to its pathophysiology, including the endocannabinoid system's role in circadian rhythms and sleep regulation, and chronic stress can perturb sleep-related biological markers. Insomnia is associated with adverse health outcomes and frequently coexists with conditions such as chronic pain, fatigue, and psychiatric illness, and disturbed sleep has been linked to outcomes including fractures in vulnerable populations. Assessment relies on clinical history and sleep evaluation, with attention to comorbid sleep disorders such as narcolepsy. Management emphasizes cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as a first-line approach, alongside attention to sleep quality through non-pharmacologic strategies including peripheral somatosensory stimulation and music-based interventions, and judicious use of pharmacotherapy. Effective treatment improves sleep continuity, daytime function, and overall health.
12 peer-reviewed articles, ranked by relevance. Each links to its DOI.
The 12 articles above have been cited 34 times in the scholarly literature. Citation data via OpenAlex and Crossref, updated Jun 2026.
A sample of recent works citing this journal's research on Insomnia, linking to each citing work.