International Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development

International Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development

International Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development

Current Issue Volume No: 1 Issue No: 1

Research Article Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Study of Organic Pollutants in the Muscles of fish Collected from El-Mahmodia Stream at El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

E H Radwan 1,   EL-Hassan M Mokhamer 1,   K H Radwan 2,   M Elsaka 1  

1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt

2Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of organic pollution of EL-Mahmodia canal on the fish (Oreochromis niloticus)muscles tissues collected from two sites at EL-Mahmodia canal in summer and winter 2017. EL-Mahmodia canal is exposed to excessive of effluents which impact fish. The present results showed high concentrations of organic pollutants, particularly in winter. Organic pollutants were analyzed using the gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A variety of environmental screening studies concerning varieties of water pollutants in Egypt, the target of the present study was to scan the organic pollutants of El-Mahmodia stream at El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt within the muscles of Tilapia fish. Within the present study, it was found that; the analysis of fish muscles in summer season showed a high level of organic pollutants. The organic pollutants that are reported in the muscle of fish in the polluted site were reported as; Dimethomorph-(E), Hexestrol, Diisobutyl phthalate, Diamyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Chlorpyrifos, Phorate sulfoxide, Exaltolide (15-Pentadecanolide), Chlorfenapyr, Pyridate, Ethofumesate, Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Dicyclohexyl phthalate, Di-n-octyl phthalate, Tricresylphosphate, meta-, XMC (3, 4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, XMC (3,5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, Hexestrol, Thymol, Kinoprene, Diisobutyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Carbofuran-3-keto, Tefluthrin, cis-, Carbofuran-7-phenol, Carbofuran, Dicyclohexyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Ethofumesate, Hexestrol, Kinoprene, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Exaltolide (15-Pentadecanolide), Spiroxamine metabolite (4-tert-b), Chlorfenapyr, Tricresylphosphate, para, Tricresylphosphate, meta-, Tricresylphosphate, ortho-, XMC (3, 5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester, Cashmeran, Propargite metabolite (Cyclohexa), and Quinoclamine. The present results showed that Diisobutyl phthalate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Pyridate and Ethofumesate were detected in winter season in the polluted site, whereas, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and Pyridate were the only organic pollutants that were found in winter in the reference site. The accumulation patterns of organic pollutants percentage in the polluted site in summer in the muscles of O. niloticus were in the following order: Chlorpyrifos> Diamyl phthalate> Diisobutylphthalate> Di-n-butylphthalate> Diamyl phthalate> Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, whereas, in the reference site in summer, it was Chlorpyrifos> Chlorfenapyr> Di-n-butylphthalate> Diisobutylphthalate> Hexestrol> Di-nhexyl phthalate. The accumulation patterns of organic pollutants in the polluted site in winter in the muscles of O. niloticus, were in the following order: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate> Pyridate> Ethofumesate, whereas in the reference site it was; Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate> Pyridate.

Author Contributions
Received 07 Aug 2019; Accepted 08 Oct 2019; Published 11 Oct 2019;

Academic Editor: Miklas Scholz, University of Salford · School of Computing, Science and Engineering, United Kingdom.

Checked for plagiarism: Yes

Review by: Single-blind

Copyright ©  2019  E H Radwan, et al.

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

E H Radwan, EL-Hassan M Mokhamer, K H Radwan, M Elsaka (2019) Study of Organic Pollutants in the Muscles of fish Collected from El-Mahmodia Stream at El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. International Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development - 1(1):19-29. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-6622.ijar-19-2991

Download as RIS, BibTeX, Text (Include abstract )

DOI 10.14302/issn.2691-6622.ijar-19-2991

Introduction

The river Nile has been subjected to different sources of pollution that have an effect on its biological characteristics as industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Organochlorine pesticides are washed into the aquatic system by water runoff and eroding.

Pesticides may drift throughout application and contaminate aquatic systems samples 7. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like hexa-chlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl and endosulfan are among the foremost wide applied chemicals within the world 8, Organophosphate  (O, O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate; CAS No. 2921-88-2; CPY) 9.

The river Nile influences the public health, social life 10.Treated domestic waste material is being reused for irrigation with 11, 12. Industrial waste products are the second of the most sources of river pollution due to the toxicant chemicals and organic loading 13. All major pollution sources deteriorate river water. Indication of these pollutants has been reportable by microbiological quality measurements on several sections of the stream river 14, 13. Sixteen organochlorine pesticides were detected within the drains and to less degree in canals 15. The environmental pollution has a direct and indirect impact on natural resources, human activities 16, 17, 18.The unregulated application of pesticides will cause adverse effects to human health and to the ecosystems 19, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were habitually utilized in agricultural and industrial functions 20. PCBs will still be unintentional byproducts, through the combustion of wastes and different industrial processes 21. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that organochlorines are found to be malignant neoplastic disease compounds in animal models 22.

Material and Methods

The Study Sites

EL-Mahmodia Canal is a 45-mile-long sub canal from the river that starts at the Nile port of EL-Mahmodia and goes through Alexandria to the sea. This study was administrated in EL-Mahmodia province, El-Beheira governorate. Samples were collected from 2 web site areas throughout summer and winter 2017 as shown in Figure 1. The site (1); The Rosetta branch of river on the point of Alatf village that thought-about as reference area free from the economic activities. The site (2); EL-Mahmodia canals contaminated area wherever the EL-Mahmodia  station and a factory dump directly their effluents to the stream of the canal.

Figure 1.The two sites of the study area at El- Mahmoudia (El Behaira, Egypt)
The two sites of the study area at El- Mahmoudia (El Behaira, Egypt)

Sample of Tilapia fish (genus, Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from the mentioned areas throughout (summer, 2017) and (winter, 2017). Fish samples were caught by fisherman, the collected fish were with a median weight (120 g). When dissecting the fish, muscle tissues were separated for estimation of organic pollution.

GC-MS Running Conditions

Extracts and recovery samples (2 µl) were analyzed using the GC-MS equipped with a Varian 8200 auto sampler. An HP-5MS capillary column (30 m X 0.53 mm i.d. 0.25 um film thickness) was used to separate the components. Helium was used as the carrier gas. Separation conditions were as the following: initial column temperature set at 80° C for 6 min. It was increased to 215° C at 15° C/min (hold for 1 min), then to 230° C at 5° C/min and finally to 290° C at 5° C/min (hold for 2 min). The carrier gas was at a constant flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. The GC-MS was controlled by a computer system, which has EI-MS libraries (PEST spectral library). The target compounds were identified by their full mass spectra scans and retention time using the total ion current as a monitor to give a Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC). The use of the full scan mode allowed the contrast of the spectrum of obtained compounds with the EI-MS library 6.

Standard Materials

Acetonitrile and hexane were HPLC-grade and were obtained from local reputed chemical distributors. Pesticides reference standards (>99% purity) were purchased from Cornell Lab Scientific, Cairo, Egypt.

Pesticide Residue QuEChERS

The QuEChERS sample preparation EN method was employed using the extraction and dispersive SPE clean-up kits (Agilent Technologies catalogue # 5982-0650 and 5982-5056, respectively). The extraction process was conducted on 10 g of each sample: 10 mL of acidified acetonitrile (0.1and 100 mL of tri phenyl phosphate (TPP) as internal standard, then shaken vigorously for 1 min and frozen for 30 min. After that 1 g Na3Citrate di hydrate, 0.5 g Na2HCitrate sesquihydrate, 1 g NaCl and 4 g MgSO4 were added, with the tube being shaken immediately after addition of the salts and then each sample was shaken vigorously for 1 min and centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 rpm by a Benchtop centrifuge (Hettick Lab Technology, Germany) centrifuge 6.

Results and Discussion

From the cited table it was found that; the analysis of fish muscles in summer season, 2017 showed a high level of organic pollutants in both the polluted site and the reference site with a high significance in the polluted site. The organic pollutant that are reported in the muscle of fish in the polluted site were reported as; Dimethomorph-(E), Hexestrol, Diisobutyl phthalate, Diamyl phthalate, Vamidothion,

Di-n-butylphthalate, Diamyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Chlorpyrifos, Phorate sulfoxide, Exaltolide 15, Chlorfenapyr, Pyridate, Ethofumesate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Dicyclohexyl phthalate, Di-n-octyl phthalate, Tricresylphosphate, meta-, XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, XMC (3,5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, Hexestrol, Thymol, Kinoprene, Diisobutyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Carbofuran-3-keto,

Tefluthrin, cis-, Carbofuran-7-phenol, Carbofuran, Dicyclohexyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Di-n-propyl phthalate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Ethofumesate, Hexestrol, Kinoprene, Di-n-hexyl phthalate, Exaltolide 15, Spiroxamine metabolite (4-tert-b), Chlorfenapyr, Tricresylphosphate, para, Tricresylphosphate, meta-, Tricresylphosphate, ortho-, XMC (3,5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl, Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester, Cashmeran, Propargite metabolite Cyclohexa., and Quinoclamine. Table 1.

Table 1. The organic pollutants in fish muscles collected 2017
I. The organic pollutants in fish tissue samples collected during summer season 2017
  Carbofuran-7-phenol 572 001563-38-8 11
  Carbofuran 125 001563-66-2 11
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 23
  Dicyclohexyl phthalate 493 000084-61-7 38
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 32
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 27
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 12
X3(polluted site) Hexestrol 443 000084-16-2 38
  Kinoprene 263 042588-37-4 10
  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 90
  Diamyl phthalate 364 000131-18-0 59
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 59
  Di-n-butylphthalate 254 000084-74-2 96
  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 72
  Di-n-hexyl phthalate 786 000084-75-3 64
  Chlorpyrifos 269 002921-88-2 99
  Phorate sulfoxide 686 002588-03-6 12
  Exaltolide 15 638 000106-02-5 18
  Spiroxamine metabolite (4-tert-b... 882 000098-53-3 10
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 10
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 12
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 43
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 25
  Dicyclohexyl phthalate 493 000084-61-7 17
X1(referance site) Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 90
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 59
  Di-n-butylphthalate 254 000084-74-2 56
  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 72
  Diamyl phthalate 364 000131-18-0 64
  Chlorpyrifos 269 002921-88-2 95
  Exaltolide 15 638 000106-02-5 14
  Chlorfenapyr 764 122453-73-0 99
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 16
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 12
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 62
  Diamyl phthalate 364 000131-18-0 43
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 43
X2 (reference site) XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl… 589 002525-10-7 12
  XMC (3,5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl... 594 002655-14-3 12
  XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl... 589 002525-10-7 10
  Di-n-butylphthalate 254 000084-74-2 72
516255111442500  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 72
  Diamyl phthalate 364 000131-18-0 59
  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 72
  Exaltolide 15 638 000106-02-5 22
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 17
  Carbofuran-7-phenol 572 001563-38-8 11
  Carbofuran 125 001563-66-2 10
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 12
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 22
  Diethyl phthalate 72 000084-66-2 10
  Tricresylphosphate, para 853 000078-32-0 14
  Tricresylphosphate, meta- 850 000563-04-2 10
  Tricresylphosphate, ortho- 846 000078-30-8 10
X3 (reference site) XMC (3,5-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl... 594 002655-14-3 12
  XMC (3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl… 589 002525-10-7 12
  Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester 456 081406-37-3 10
  Cashmeran 585 033704-61-9 10
  Thymol 568 000089-83-8 32
  Hexestrol 443 000084-16-2 59
  Propargite metabolite [Cyclohexa... 672 999004-03-4 50
  Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 90
  Diamyl phthalate 364 000131-18-0 59
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 59
  Di-n-butylphthalate 254 000084-74-2 95
  Di-n-hexyl phthalate 786 000084-75-3 59
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 10
  Tefluthrin, cis- 637 079538-32-2 10
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 12
  Quinoclamine 244 002797-51-5 10
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 43
  Dicyclohexyl phthalate 493 000084-61-7 38
  Di-n-propyl phthalate 143 000131-16-8 16
  Tricresylphosphate, meta- 850 000563-04-2 14
  Tricresylphosphate, para 853 000078-32-0 10
II. The organic pollutants in fish collected in winter:  
X1 (polluted site) Diisobutyl phthalate 652 000084-69-5 74
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 78
  Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 25
  Ethofumesate 249 026225-79-6 12
X2 (polluted site) No hits were retrieved    
X3(polluted site) Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 12
X1(reference site) Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 499 000117-81-7 78
X2(reference site) Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 23
X3(reference site) Pyridate 542 055512-33-9 12

From the above cited table; results showed that Diisobutyl phthalate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Pyridate and Ethofumesate were detected in winter season organic pollutant in the polluted site, whereas, Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and Pyridate were the only organic pollutants that were found in winter in the reference site. The authors recommend that fishing in winter is better than that of summer and that fishing from the reference site is preferred. Table 2 and Table 3.

Table 2. The list of organic pollutants detected in water samples (n=3) collected from El-Mahmodia canal on Summer (Su), and Winter (W) from the two sites (polluted, and reference site) in 2017
no Chemical Summer season (Su) Winter season (W)
Polluted site Reference site Polluted site Reference site
1 Dimethomorph-(E) D1 --2 -- --
2 Hexestrol D -- -- --
3 Diisobutylphthalate D D D --
4 Diamyl phthalate D D -- --
5 Vamidothion D D -- --
6 Di-n-butylphthalate D D -- --
7 Diamyl phthalate D -- -- --
8 Di-n-propyl phthalate D D -- --
9 Chlorpyrifos D D -- --
10 Phorate sulfoxide D -- -- --
11 Exaltolide15 D D -- --
12 Chlorfenapyr D D -- --
13 Pyridate D D D D
14 Ethofumesate D D D --
15 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate D D D D
16 Dicyclohexyl phthalate D D -- --
17 Di-n-octyl phthalate D -- -- --
18 Tricresylphosphate, meta D D -- --
19 Tricresylphosphate, para -- D -- --
20 XMC(3,4-Dimethylphenyl-N methyl D D -- --
21 XMC(3,5-Dimethylphenyl-N methyl D D -- --
22 Hexestrol D D -- --
23 Thymol D D -- --
24 Kinoprene D -- -- --
25 Vamidothion D -- -- --
26 Di-nhexyl phthalate D D -- --
27 Carbofuran-3-keto D -- -- --
28 Tefluthrin, cis D -- -- --
29 Carbofuran-7-phenol D D -- --
30 Carbofuran D D -- --
31 di-n-propyl phthalate D D -- --
32 Tricresylphosphate, ortho -- -- -- --
33 Phorate sulfoxide D -- -- --
34 Spiroxamine metabolite(4-tert-b) D -- -- --
35 Diethyl phthate -- D -- --
36 Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester -- D -- --
37 Cashmeran -- D -- --
38 Propargite metabolitecyclohexa -- D -- --
39 Teflothrin, cis -- D -- --
40 Quinoclamine -- D -- --

1 : Detected
2 : Not detected
Table 3. The mean % values of organic pollutants in the fish muscles collected from El-Mahmoudia 2017
no Chemicals Summer, 2017 Winter, 2017
    Polluted site Reference site Polluted site Reference site
1 Dimethomorph-(E) 11.0 -- -- --
2 Hexestrol 17.0 -- -- --
3 Diisobutylphthalate 76.2 79.2 74.0 --
4 Diamyl phthalate 50.5 60.6 -- --
5 Vamidothion 10 43 -- --
6 Di-n-butylphthalate 63.0 81.0 -- --
7 Diamyl phthalate 78.0 -- -- --
8 Di-n-propyl phthalate 35.2 53.6 -- --
9 Chlorpyrifos 97.6 95.0 -- --
10 Phorate sulfoxide 12 -- -- --
11 Exaltolide15 14 18 -- --
12 Chlorfenapyr 38 89 -- --
13 Pyridate 14.3 13 18.5 17.5
14 Ethofumesate 13.6 13.3 12 --
15 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 51 42 78 78
16 Dicyclohexyl phthalate 38 38 -- --
17 Di-n-octyl phthalate 53 -- -- --
18 Tricresylphosphate, meta 10 12 -- --
19 Tricresylphosphate, para -- 12 -- --
20 XMC(3,4-Dimethylphenyl-N methyl 12 14.5 -- --
21 XMC(3,5-Dimethylphenyl-N methyl 10 12 -- --
22 Hexestrol 40 59 -- --
23 Thymol 28 32 -- --
24 Kinoprene 20 -- -- --
25 Vamidothion 10 -- -- --
26 Di-nhexyl phthalate   59 -- --
27 Carbofuran-3-keto 17 -- -- --
28 Tefluthrin, cis 14 -- -- --
29 Carbofuran-7-phenol 11 11 -- --
30 Carbofuran 11 10 -- --
31 di-n-propyl phthalate   16 -- --
32 Tricresylphosphate, ortho -- 10 -- --
33 Phorate sulfoxide   -- -- --
34 Spiroxamine metabolite(4-tert-b) 10 -- -- --
35 Diethyl phthate -- 10 -- --
36 Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester -- 10 -- --
37 Cashmeran -- 10 -- --
38 Propargite metabolitecyclohexa -- 50 -- --
39 Teflothrin, cis -- 10 -- --
40 Quinoclamine -- 10 -- --

From the above cited table it is concluded that; the order of the % of organing pollutants which were found in summer in the muscle of fish collected from the polluted site followed the order of: Chlorpyrifos> Diamyl phthalate> Diisobutylphthalate> Di-n-butylphthalate> Diamyl phthalate> Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, whereas in the reference site in summer, it was Chlorpyrifos> Chlorfenapyr> Di-n-butylphthalate> Diisobutylphthalate> Hexestrol> Di-nhexyl phthalate. The accumulation patterns of organic pollutants in the polluted site in winter in the muscles of O. niloticus, were in the following order: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate> Pyridate> Ethofumesate, whereas in the reference site it was; Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate> Pyridate.

The present study had been undertaken so as to screen the pollutants content in fish muscles collected from EL-Mahmodia stream, El-Beheira Governorate. Egypt is that the second largest producer of Tilapia, that thought-about the foremost common fish presently being, refined commercially 23, 24. GC–MS analysis of fish muscles collected from EL-Mahmodia stream water showed the presence of organic chemicals, fungicide, fatty acids and carboxyl acids. Most of the organic pollutants detected at the peaks in GC–MS knowledge analysis were known as endocrine disrupting phthalate esters, fatty acids, phenolic resin acids, carcinogens, and aquatic toxicants 25. Phthalates like acid, chemical group tetradecyl organic compound, acid, octadecyl organic compound acid, chemical group 2-ethylbutyl organic compound, acid, di(2-propylpentyl) are discharged together with industrial wastewaters cause pollution and disturb the ecology of the receiving water bodies by making serious toxicity to aquatic organisms as results of bioaccumulation and therefore cause unhealthful, genotoxic effects also as disturb the inhibitor defense system 26, 27, 28, 4, 5, 6. Phthalates are reportable to cause endocrine disruption in humans and animals upon long run exposure 29, 25.

 The standard of river water worsened greatly within the past few years 12. The main pollution sources of river and main canals are effluents from agricultural drains and treated or part treated industrial and municipal waste waters, as well as oil like monounsaturated fatty acid and wastes from traveler and watercourse boats 30, 2, 3, 4, 31, 6. The water contains dissolved salts that washed from agricultural lands also as residues of pesticides and fertilizers, at the tip these pesticides collected in EL-Mahmodia stream water 12, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. In El-Mahmodia stream there is quantity of organochlorine pesticides detected within the stream water samples like Dieldrin 32, As DDD detected in stream water samples. These elevated values are beyond natural occurring and at some spots of river are higher than allowable limits for healthy water streams 33, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Pollution of the aquatic surroundings by inorganic and organic chemicals may be a major issue movement a heavy threat to the survival of aquatic organisms 34.

The aquatic surroundings is subjected to varied varieties of pollutants that enter water bodies this can be a results of human activities that are associated with industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes that are drop into water bodies 16, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Industrial waste water is taken into account as the most sources of river pollution owing to the unhealthful chemicals and organic loading during this waste water 35, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The quantities and quality of effluent from agricultural lands are extremely variable. It contains animal wastes, plant nutrients 36. The persistence of the organochlorine compounds and their metabolites, that are typically that are typically additional unhealthful  37, 38.

Azab et al.39 reported that in summer season, organochlorines were considerably higher in water samples. The results of this study are in agreement there with of Azab et al.39 as there was a high important totally different of organic pollutants within the muscles of fish that were collected in summer quite that were collected in winter.

The authors extremely suggest eating fish that were collected from El-Mahodia stream in winter quite that in summer as they are less polluted. Bioaccumulation of such compounds causes mutagenic effects to humans, animals, and aquatic organisms 40, 41, 42, 26, 27, 28. The 2, 6-dihydroxybenzoic acids, those were detected within the water samples, are the key metabolites of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons throughout effluent treatment 43, 44, 29, 45.

Conclusion

In EL-Behira Governorate, pesticides are used along a large scale; organochlorine and organophosphate are persistent pesticides which leave residues in drinking water that remain for days to many years. Organophosphates are found in high rate in the stream, Chloropyrifos as an Organophosphates pesticides was found in the stream water. The current study revealed that the water quality of El-Mahmodia canal is contaminated with elevated levels of organic pollutants: pesticides, plasticizers, plant residues compared to standard safety permissible guidelines.

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